The impact of low temperature on the performance of photomultiplier tubes can be summarized as follows:

Improve doubling efficiency and counting efficiency:
Under low temperature conditions, the number of stray electrons in the photomultiplier tube decreases, which helps to reduce the interference of stray electrons, thereby improving the multiplication efficiency and counting efficiency. The reduction of stray electrons contributes to the purity of signal processing, improves the performance stability and measurement accuracy of photon counters.

Optimize the electronic amplification process:
In low-temperature environments, changes in material properties may reduce traps and scattering during electron amplification, thereby optimizing the electron amplification process. This helps to maintain or increase the amplification gain, allowing the photomultiplier tube to amplify electronic signals more efficiently at low temperatures.



Reduce noise levels:
At low temperatures, the noise level of photomultiplier tubes may decrease due to changes in the dynamic characteristics of electrons. Noise is an inevitable random signal interference in the measurement and detection process, and reducing the noise level can improve the reliability and accuracy of the signal.

Enhanced temperature stability:
The performance and operating point of photomultiplier tubes usually vary with temperature changes. In low-temperature environments, higher temperature stability can be achieved by optimizing the structural design and temperature control system of photomultiplier tubes. This helps to ensure that the photomultiplier tube can maintain stable performance even during prolonged operation or environmental temperature fluctuations.

However, it is also important to note some potential effects of low temperature on the performance of photomultiplier tubes:
Gas pressure decreases: As the temperature decreases, the gas pressure also decreases. This may require strengthening gas compensation and control to ensure that the photomultiplier tube can function properly.

Increased hydrides: Low temperature environments may cause an increase in hydrides in photomultiplier tubes, which may lead to performance degradation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the removal and monitoring of hydrides.


In summary, low temperature has a positive impact on the performance of photomultiplier tubes, including improving multiplication efficiency and counting efficiency, optimizing electronic amplification processes, reducing noise levels, and enhancing temperature stability. However, it is also important to note the potential challenges that low temperatures may bring, such as a decrease in gas pressure and an increase in hydrides. Corresponding measures need to be taken to ensure the normal operation and stable performance of photomultiplier tubes.